Quench as World Leading Soft Drinks Brand Case Study

Quench as World Leading Soft Drinks Brand - Case Study Example According to the paper, Quench’s market position was particularly threatened by the media identifying their product as one of those with excessive levels of sugar. Given their customer base’s preference for healthy products, coupled to the focus on obesity as an urgent global health issue, Quench’s turnover has declined sharply and the company now faces an uncertain future. In this paper, solutions to the current problems faced by Quench will be identified and expert recommendation on how to regain lost market share given to Quench’s board of directors. The first alternative solution for Quench focuses on the company increasing their promotional and marketing strategies, specifically in consumer segments that are untapped. Quench could capitalize on their brand image within the sector, such as their good business practices and environmental initiatives and promote these to the consumers. By promoting their positive social and environmental initiatives, the y could gain an advantage with consumers who may dismiss Quench as another corporate entity out for profits. Rotfeld identifies comfort, simplicity, local sourcing, and going green as the food and beverage trend of 2013, which are aspects that Quench may use to advertise their environmental initiatives, in turn enticing consumers who are eco-conscious. With regards to comfort and simplicity trends, consumers are seeking to return to normalcy after the recent recession, as well as to resume pre-recession consumption habits. Quench could take advantage by re-energizing their brand and marketing its achievements in the social and environmental arena. However, this strategy has several limitations for Quench, including the magnitude of controversy around the company regarding unhealthy ingredients that may not be undone through promotion of its good deeds.

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Essay Example for Free

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Essay The American Dream is true equality and freedom of the citizens of The United States. In Maya Angelous I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings, Marguerite struggles with the thought of feeling unwanted as a child and the discrimination against blacks. As Marguerite grows up, she experiences first-hand the cruelty of racism. Her struggles reflect on all the hardships the citizens of America went through when they were fighting for equality as well. It first started in 1607 when English settlers travelled to America for religious freedom. The freedom they sought out for eventually grew to be something more important than just religious freedom. Marguerite defies authority and segregation and eventually gains the equality she deserves. Even though the era of slavery has ended, segregation between blacks and whites were still present. The town that Marguerite lives in is separated from where the white population is and she barely knows what they are like and she wonders if they are even human. Early on in the story, Marguerite first experiences the cruelty of the local powhitetrash when her family is warned of the white men searching her town for a scapegoat. This causes her Uncle Willie to hide in a potato bin even though he is innocent. In chapter blank, Marguerite watches three white girls mock Momma and she feels anger towards their cruelty and unfairness. As Momma finds her crying in anger, this is the first time she felt the need to defy the white people and fight against them. This encounter foreshadows Marguerites future acts of defiance against white people, as the English settlers defied their kind and moves to America. Marguerites first true act of defiance was when she was working for a white woman named Viola Cullinan. Mrs. Viola Cullinan is rude and her friends mistreat Marguerite. In order for Marguerite to stop working for her, she broke her prized china. This was a sign of Marguerite finally taking a stand against being mistreated. Her resistance gains Marguerite back her pride and she is getting closer to the freedom that she yearns for. There are times in the story where Marguerite feels an extreme sense of pride for her and her people. At Marguerites graduation, a white man named Edward Donleavy degrades the black population by stating that they can only excel in sports. He causes the eighth grade class to feel ashamed of themselves because they feel unintelligent. Marguerite starts to regret the fact that Columbus discovered the new world and she wishes that he hadnt. She feels so embarrassed, but Henry Reed, the valedictorian of her class brings their spirit back up. He has the crowd sing the Negro National Anthem and as his speech ends, everyone feels great pride swell inside of them. Marguerite feels proud of her heritage and education and ignores what harsh words of Mr. Donleavy. Another time when Marguerite feels proud of the black population is when she envisions Ms. Henderson standing up to Dr. Lincoln. She pictures Ms. Henderson turning into a superhero and scaring Dr. Lincoln. She states that she feels proud to be her granddaughter. The American Dream cannot be fulfilled unless the people have an extreme sense of pride of who they are and their country. Marguerite’s feelings were the start of the journey towards equality between all races. Marguerite first experiences a sense of equality when she attends a school in San Francisco. All the students are rude to her and act as if she is inferior to all of them. On the other hand, Marguerite meets a teacher names Mrs. Kirwin who doesnt discriminate. She treats every single one of her students the same, no matter what their race is. She only remembers Mrs. Kirwin because she didnt treat her differently. Marguerite experiences one final act of equality when she runs away from her father. She discovers a mix of young teens consisting of several races working together in equality. They give her certain rules that allow her to appreciate diversity and how everyone is the same. For example, everyone must work and put in an equal amount of effort to survive. Like the American Dream, everyone living in the junkyard is equal and treated fairly. There was no oppression or segregation when Marguerite lived in the junkyard. As it says in The Declaration of Independence, every American citizen is endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights. In chapter 19, the Store is filled people listening to the boxing match with Joe Louis, a hero from the black population. When he wins, Marguerite feels that he proved that black people are powerful people. The black population develops a sense of hope, feeling that things will start to change because Joe Louis made a difference and because he is a black man. They feel as if they finally took a stand to all the unjust lynching and discrimination against blacks. Near the end of the story, Marguerite becomes the first black person to have a job as a streetcar conductor. At first, there was a policy forbidding any black person to have this job, but Marguerite fights and against all odds, she is successful. This proves that regardless of social standing, one can achieve what they desire if he or she really wants it. Just as us Americans fought for freedom, Marguerite fought for equality.

Analysis of Industries :: Technology Manufacturing Industries Essays

Analysis of Industries In today ¡Ã‚ ¦s advancing technology state, one must be aware of information management systems and how they are shaping lives. Many industries are involved in information technology, and it is that technology which enables them to survive. Five major industries are health, services, manufacturing, finance, and retail. It is hard to say which one is affected more by technology because they all are in their own individual ways. The topics of IT they all share, but the way that information technology is used and introduced in each industry makes them different. In such a highly competitive environment, businesses need to take advantage of all the technology they can in order to survive and gain the upper hand. This semester, I focused on the manufacturing industry because it is how many of products become products and how they are brought to us, the consumer. Data and Knowledge Management A company is made up of managers and employees. The hierarchy of the management team and the different levels of data information at each level needs need to be recognized, as does the fact that from top, strategic management to clerical and shop floor workers, all the members have varying needs regarding information systems. The general pyramid-shaped hierarchy is the most common organizational structure found in businesses. At the bottom are the clerical and shop floor workers, then the operational managers, next are the middle managers, and at the top are the senior managers. The largest group is the clerical and shop floor workers. Some common characteristics of information at each level are the data range, time span, level of detail, the source, the degree of structure, and the purpose. Data range is the amount of data from which information is extracted. Top management needs a wide data range while the lower levels need a narrow range to focus on their specific divisions. Time span refers to how long a period of time the data covers. Top management need data that reaches far into the past, while lower level managers need only a time span of hours or days. The level of detail is the degree to which the information generated is specific. For top management they need summarized information that is not greatly detailed, while operational managers need highly detailed information. The way that information is presented varies depending on the user or manager. Some different presentation methods are graphically, with text, tabular, or audibly.

Oedipus, the Cursed Man Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Oedipus, the Cursed Man      Ã‚  Ã‚   Have you ever had one of those days when it seems that everything is against you, that life could not look any bleaker than it does right now? We have all had moments like those, but nothing can compare to the feeling Oedipus had on that dreadful day when he found out that he was cursed by the gods, destined to kill his father and marry his mother. This tragic story of the cursed man is told in Sophocles' play, Oedipus the King. This essay will examine one of Oedipus' speeches, found in lines 1183 - 1194, made before he learns of his appalling fate. It is a passage full of dramatic irony. We, the audience, know the truth. Even Jocasta has just come to realize the facts, but Oedipus is still unaware of the impending doom.    Let it burst! Whatever will, whatever must! I must know my birth, no matter how common it may be-I must see my origins face-to-face. She perhaps, she with her woman's pride may well be mortified by my birth, but I, I count myself the son of Chance, the great goddess, giver of all good things- I'll never see myself disgraced. She is my mother! And the moons have marked me out, my blood brothers, one moon on the wane, the next moon great with power. That is my blood, my nature-I will never betray it, never fail to search and learn my birth! (Oedipus lines 1183-1194)    The passage begins with Oedipus crying, "Let it burst! Whatever will, whatever must! / I must know my birth, no matter how common / it may be-I must see my origins face-to-face" (lines 1183 - 1185). He is eager to know his past, no matter how ugly it may be. He believes the truth can be no worse than learning that he comes from a humbl... ...ldren and siblings. Again, the audience knows the truth and wishes the opposite of what Oedipus persevered to discover. The reader wishes that he would indeed give up the search to find his true origins. It will only result in ending his life in horrific misery.    This short yet heartfelt speech made by Oedipus before he learns of his fate is packed with dramatic irony. He is blinded to the truth, but the readers are entirely aware of his dreadful fame. This makes the speech all the more painful and wrenching for the audience. Oh how we must pity a king like Oedipus, the cursed man. May what happened to him never happen to another.    Work Cited Sophocles, Oedipus the King. Trans. Robert Fagles. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. 2nd ed. Vol. A. Ed. Sarah Lawall and Maynard Mack. New York: Norton, 2002. 617-658.         

How to Make Pupusas

How To†¦ I am unique. A type of person that is never mistaken for anyone else (not including looks because my sister looks like me. ) A lot of cultures are different in every way. Salvadoran is something that describes a lot of the Hispanics that are confused with many Mexicans in this country. In El Salvador pupusas is just as popular as pizza in the United States. It is something originated there and nowhere else in the whole world, until of course the immigrants came with them as they became citizens of this country.This whole essay is more of a â€Å"How to†. It is going to be called, How to make Pupusas. There will be the basic instructions and some of the history behind them. After all of this you will enjoy a fine dinner/lunch/breakfast for your whole life. We will start with the basics. This is no rocket science I will tell you that now. Pupusas is made of a thick homemade corn tortilla. It is filled with a blend of cheese, cooked pork meat, and refried beans. To add flavor, we may add loroco which is a vine flower bud from Central America.They are served with curtido (Cabbage slaw with red chilies and vinegar) and a watery tomato salsa. A lot of people mistake the Pupusa with the Gordita from Mexico. The only differences are that the gordita is filled with more stuff and has an opening. This typical Salvadoran food has been around for more than 2000 years. They were created centuries ago by the Pipil tribes. They lived in the territory now known as El Salvador. Until the late 1940s this food became popular around the country when people moves out of towns to cities.When the Salvadoran Civil War broke down a lot of people were forced to move out of the county, where their destination was the United States. This is what made us come here and migrate with our tradition and culture. This all happened in the 1980s, since that day you can find pupuserias (places where pupusas are sold) anywhere where there is a major population of Salvadoreans. S ome places include the states of Maryland, Texas, California, and the country of Canada as well as many more places.Now that we know all about the history and what pupusas are, let’s start cooking! First we need to make the masa. In El Salvador, we would have to take moist corn and take it to a place to ground it all up. Here in the United States we are lucky to have Maseca, an all-usage flour that Hispanics use a lot to cook. We mix that up with water until smooth, we don’t want it watery though. After that we let it sit for 5-10 minutes. Afterwards you want to gather a ball of dough and make about a few 2 diameter wide balls.Try to make a little dent in the middle of the ball, that way there would be a little pocket for the filling. Make sure that it is thick, afterward you put cheese or beans, or pork in the middle. Then we have to close it like a dumpling, after we have it closed you want to make the circle again. You could put a little bit of oil on both sides so then when you put it on the skillet it won’t stick and burn. You put the skillet on medium-high and let it rest there for about two minutes on each side.Overall with the prep and cooking time it would take you about 45 minutes. Everything is very simple to make and super delicious. The last thing to make would be el curtido and la salsa. To make el curtido you will need a cabbage, carrots, and jalapenos or chili peppers, and vinegar. You chop up the cabbage into thin slices and the carrots. The jalapenos can be chopped in tiny squares so that way spice don’t overpower the taste. Then you mix all of those ingredients into vinegar and water and you let it sit throughout the night, make sure to do this a day beforehand.The salsa is way easy to make, all you need would be tomatoes, salt, and pepper. You boil the tomatoes in a pan filled with water, make sure that they get soft but not totally destroyed. Then you blend it with water and put some salt and pepper. You can als o add chopped onions or green peppers to the mix. Then you just blend all of those together and you just put it on a container with the container of el curtido for serving time! I hope this helped out and now you can enjoy a little bit of my home country, something super valuable to me and my culture.

University of Mary Hardin-Baylor SAT Scores, Admit Rate

University of Mary Hardin-Baylor SAT Scores, Admit Rate University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Admissions Overview UMHB has largely open  admissions, and most students with grades and standardized test scores that are average or better are accepted each year. While SAT and ACT scores are required for most applicants, if you rank in the top 10% of your school, there is no minimum score on the exams. For other students, youll need at least a 20 on the ACT or a 1030 on the SAT to qualify for regular admissions (higher scores if you are ranked in the lower half of your graduating class). Note that UMHBs admissions are largely not holistic. Grades, class rank, and standardized test scores will carry the most weight. The application does not ask for an essay, letters of recommendation, nor extracurricular activity information. Admissions Data (2016): University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Acceptance Rate: 79%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 450 / 560SAT Math: 470 / 560SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 21  / 26ACT English: 19 / 26ACT Math: 18  / 25What these ACT numbers mean University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Description: Founded in 1845, UMHB, the University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, takes pride in its Christian identity and its affiliation with the Baptist General Convention of Texas. All students must agree to the schools policy of a faith-informed approach to education. The universitys residential campus is located in Belton, Texas, a small city in Central Texas situated midway between Waco and Austin. Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio are all within a three-hour drive, so the schools location is convenient to many major metropolitan areas. Academics at UMHB span a range of professional fields and majors in the liberal arts and sciences. Nursing is by far the most popular major, although business and education fields are also popular among undergraduates. On the athletic front, the UMHB Crusaders combete in the NCAA Division III American Southwest Conference. Athletics are big on campus, and many teams have met with national success including men and womens golf, men and womens basketball, and footbal l. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 3,906  (3,278 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 37% Male / 63% Female91% Full-time Costs (2016  - 17): Tuition and Fees: $26,550Books: $1,300 (why so much?)Room and Board: $7,590Other Expenses: $3,030Total Cost: $38,470 UMHB Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 97%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 96%Loans: 73%Average Amount of AidGrants: $13,776Loans: $6,704 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Biology, Elementary Education, Exercise Physiology, General Studies, Marketing, Nursing, Physical Education, Psychology Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 71%4-Year Graduation Rate: 32%6-Year Graduation Rate: 48% Intercollegiate Athletics: Mens Sports:  baseball, basketball, football, golf, soccer, tennisWomens Sports:  basketball, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, volleyball Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics Interested in UMHB? You May Also Like These Colleges: Houston Baptist University: ProfileSam Houston State University:  ProfileBaylor University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTexas AM University-College Station:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Texas at Austin:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTexas Tech University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphStephen F. Austin State University:  ProfileTexas Christian University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Houston:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT Graph University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Mission Statement: mission statement from  http://about.umhb.edu/our-mission The University of Mary Hardin-Baylor prepares students for leadership, service, and faith-informed discernment in a global society. Academic excellence, personal attention, broad-based scholarship and a commitment to a Baptist vision for education distinguish our Christ-centered learning community.

Witte And Stolypin Essay For Wilcock Essays

Witte And Stolypin Essay For Wilcock Essays Witte And Stolypin Essay For Wilcock Essay Witte And Stolypin Essay For Wilcock Essay For example White improved Russians production of raw material during the great spurt and stolidly reformed agriculture through things such as the strip system. Sergei White contributed massively o the industrial and economic expansion in Russia in the 1 8905 but only later on, after the economic trouble of 1901-1902 where 2400 firms closed, and during the great spurt(1892 did he make huge improvements. A major example Of how White improved Russians industrial standing was the completion of the trans-Siberian railway in 1 903 after its 10 year construction. It extended Russians railways from 30,km in 1890 to 60,km in 1 904, and therefore Since the railway stretched across most of Russia, it allowed for resources in areas such as Siberia to be made use of since prior to its instruction there was no way to reach them. This was reflected in the increasing production of coal, iron and oil, which all nearly tripled in-between 1900 and 1910. Communication between the central cities of Russia such as Baku, SST. Petersburg and Moscow increased along with their populations due to people making use of the railway and migrating to the cities. Baku for example grew from 12 thousand people in 1897 to 211 thousand people, and due to it being the centre of oil production, oil output rose from 3. 9 million tones to 9. 7 in 1910. White therefore, through the Trans Siberian railway yester drastically transformed Russians industry. Alongside this he had accomplishments in other areas such as the economy, for example in 1894 he managed to produce 30% of Russians revenue through establishment of the state liquor monopoly. And in 1 887 he put the ruble on the gold standard, which resulted Russians budget doubling and investment increasing. The military was another area which the growth of industry benefited as production of war materials grew significantly. Overall the culmination of all Whites achievements massively transformed Russians industry in a massively costive way, however agriculture in comparison to industry had no major reforms, which can be seen as one of his failures. Whites successor peter Stolidly had a shift in focus compared to Whites who singularly focused on industry. Since Russians heritage and main form of income and output throughout its history was agriculture, he believed it was the more important sector to focus on. Also due to his tsarist ideals he aimed to prevent another revolution so therefore aimed to improve the position of the peasantry. In terms Of agricultural transformations, the expansion Of the areas actually used for farming was a huge step forward. This was achieved through the incentives of cheap land in Siberia with the aid of government loans. These loans were also made more enticing due to the abolishment of the redemption payments on New Years Day 1907 which meant the agricultural workers werent tied down by other loans and payments. These reforms under Stolidly were considerably successful as in 1 906, agricultural production was 45. Million tones but by 1 91 3 it was 61. 7 million tones. The lives of those actually doing the work were also transformed due the peasants being freed from the commune under the law of 9 in November 906 and then financial aid was given in the form of the land bank after its creation on the 1 5th November 1906. Arguably one of Cytolysiss most effec tive reforms was the strip system. Allowing for the equal distribution of land along with a more effective farming method agricultural production rose massively and peasant owning their own land increased from 20% to 50% in between 1905 and 1915. The creation of the kulaks also improved agriculture since the new class of peasants were more hard working and motivated in comparison to their previous ways of being lazy and inefficient. Stolidly and his numerous reforms did undoubtedly transform Russians agriculture and improved upon its position in relation to agriculture before he took charge, however his reforms were cut short by the start of howl and Russians needs changed. However both Stolidly and White had drawback during their time as chief minister to the Tsar. White focused solely on industry without any notable thought to Russians agricultural position, which is reflected in the slow increase in cereal production in-between 1 890 and 1900 of 36 million tones to 56 million tones in comparison to the tripling of industrial production in the same timeshare. Living conditions in the urban areas decreased rapidly during Whites mass arbitration as the crowds that flooded into the towns and cities after the railways completion had nowhere to go since it all occurred to fast for the cities to expand and be able to accommodate the increasing populous. Also in relation to arbitration and industrial growth, everything he achieved, although it was a step forward for the previously backwards Russia, was far behind that of the western world. To support this it can be said that he did not transform industry and actually oaken it by urbanism to much since due to poor conditions, in some cases famine occurred which reduced Russians output as workers were not as effective.

The impact of media on society

The impact of media on society Introduction Media is one of the world’s power and force that can not be undermined. Media has a remarkable control in almost every aspect of our lives; in politics, social and cultural or economic welfares. Perhaps the best analysis of the impact that media has played in the society is through first acknowledging its role in information flow and circulation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The impact of media on society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is would be unjust to overlook the importance of information to the society. Information is the significant to the society in the sense that, all that happens in the society must be channeled and communicated among the society’s habitats. Without media, the habitats or else the population will be left clueless on what is happening or what is ought to happen. From another perspective, the society benefits from the media in a number of ways and as well it derives a lot of misfortunes from the society. However, regardless of the impact that is made by media on the society, the media remains to be one of the strongest forces that influence the pillars of the society. This essay paper highlights the impacts that media has continued to assert on the society either in a positive or in a negative manner. Role of media in the society The most common role that media has played in the society has been; to inform people, to educate people and sometimes to offer leisure or entertainment. The role of media in the society is stretched back in the ancient traditions when, there were approaches on which media role in the society was perceived. Some of these approaches included a positive approach, critical approach, production approach, technological approach, information approach and finally a post colonial approach. A positivist approach assumed that media’s role in the society was to achieve predetermined objectives of the society, usu ally from a beneficial perspective. The critical approach assumes that media is pertinent can be used in struggle for power and other issues in the society that were preceded by a spark of a new or old ideology. The production approach is that media plays a greater role in society by providing a new experience of reality to the masses by providing an avenue of new perceptions and visions. The information approach assumes that the key role of media in the society is to provide information channels for the benefit of the society (Fourie178). Impact of media on society With the above roles being achieved in one of the most remarkable means over centuries, media has some solid impacts that have been imprinted on the society. Some of these impacts and effects are to remain for ever as long as media existence will remain while others require control and monitoring due to their negative effects on the society. The best approach to look at this is by first describing the positive impacts th at media has had on the society (Fourie 25).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The development of media and advancement of mass media is such positive impact that media has accomplished in recent times. It has been proven that mass communication has influenced social foundation and governments to means that only can be termed pro-social (Preiss 485). An example of such can be use of mass media in campaigns to eradicate HIV and AIDS in the society. Mass communication through media avenues such as the internet, television and radio has seen great co-operation of government, government agencies, non-government organizations, private corporations and the public in what is seen as key society players in mutual efforts towards constructing better society. In this context, media has contributed to awareness, education of the society and better governance of the society. W ere it not for media, the worlds most historical moments would probably be forgotten today especially in the manner they reshape our contemporary society in matters regarding politics, economics and culture (Fourie 58). However, media has had its shortcomings that have negative influence on the society. These negatives if not counterchecked or controlled will continue to ruin the values and morals of a society that once treasured morality and value of information. These negative impacts include: media has contributed to immense exposure of violence and antisocial acts from media program that are aimed at entertaining the public. Media roles in the society have been reversed by merely assuming a role of society visibility thus controlling the society rather than being controlled by society. Media has continued to use biased tactics to attract society attention and thus having a negative impact on the society’s culture due to stereotyping of other cultures. Media has continued to target vulnerable groups in the society such as children and youths be exposing them to pornographic materials that has sexual immorality consequence on the society’s young generations. It is through such shortcomings that the cognitive behavior’s which shape the moral fiber of the society gets threatened by media (Berger 106). However, regardless of the impacts of the media on the society, the future of the media will evolve with time and its role in the society will unlikely fade.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The impact of media on society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Berger, Arthur. Media and society: a critical perspective. Maryland: Rowman Littlefield. 2007 Fourie, Pieter. Media studies: media history, media and society. Cape Town: Juta and company ltd. 2008 Preiss, Raymond. Mass media effects research: advances through meta-analysis. New York: Routledge. 2007

Music in Classical Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Music in Classical Era - Essay Example Of the various eras in music history, the classical era stands out as a unique period regarded as the age of enlightenment. In light of this, the paper seeks to explore the classical era in the history of music, paying attention to the cultural characteristics, musical development, and the role of musicals in the society. Classical Era The classical era was preceded by the Baroque period, which provided a unique basis of evolution in terms of form, style, and medium. The period between 1750 and 1820 experienced the height of classical compositions and performances across Europe. This follows the shift towards new styles in architecture, literature, and arts in the continent that sought to emulate classical antiquity from ancient Greece. The works of great philosophers such as Isaac Newton would soon be incorporated in music, as composers and performers sought structural clarity. This catalyzed the evolution of the Baroque period into the classical period of layered instrumental melod ies to create a combination dubbed homophony. The pre-classical music presented a change in form, style, and production eventually replacing old forms of music with new sectional structures. This indicates a sharp contrast with previous styles where music was mostly written for human voices and instruments were regarded as dull compared to the human voice. Notably, a symphony orchestra is a widely acknowledged medium of classical music, which involves a group of instruments from various classes. This comprises a string section that includes harps, violins, and string bass; brass section with French horn, trumpet, and tuba; a percussion section with drums, cymbals, xylophones, and chimes; and a woodwind section incorporating flutes, clarinet, and bassoon. As such, orchestra bands consist of large numbers of players, each with his or her own music piece that is performed concurrently. However, the size and composition of the orchestra are largely dependent on the music piece being per formed. At the height of classical music, about 10 performers for serenades, which spurred the rapid development of opera, performed compositions. This development was characterized by regional styles across Europe that would identify the origin and inspiration behind the piece. Notable Composers The classical era provided recognition to renowned composers for their work that sought striking melodies and dramatic effects. Their unique compositional styles refined previous works to produce clearer textures and dramatic shifts in the performance of music. Among these composers known for their role in the classical period are Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Muzio Clementi, and Luigi Boccherini, to mention but a few. Haydn is regarded as the father of symphony owing to his role in the development and expansion of the presentation and is credited for numerous symphonies. Another classical composer worth noting is Beethoven whose work is considered as a bridge between classical and romantic eras. Mozart is well known for his compositions, especially the wedding of Figaro, which is quite popular and has had a significant impact in society, generally. His compositions took an educational turn with the influence of J. S. Bach who only served to inspire him further into applying mathematics and ethics into his compositions. Through this, the society saw change in music becoming a form of communication, where he applied social

Critical Thinking Case Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Thinking Case Assessment - Essay Example He further assumes that they do not understand the products being marketed. And, finally, he is convinced they are not concerned with quality control, which he considers one of the most important areas in a customer-dominated economy. His argument is that the marketing plan is unrealistic. He considers the development of one part of a prototype to be a reasonable goal and offers to present this for testing within the necessary time frame and budget. When Pat argues that more than one part is necessary, Kelly refuses, saying that only one part can be made available. Kelly is definitely acting emotionally at this point and has allowed his personal vendetta with Pat to determine his actions. His arguments are based on his feelings against Pat. 2) Pat Lambert – Pat assumes that the conflict between Programming and Marketing is Kellys fault entirely. Because of this belief, he makes the assumption that the problem will be solved by bringing in an outside software design firm. He further assumes that he knows best what customers want and can decide what they will accept. He also assumes he knows best how to reach company goals. In addition, his suggestions do not consider staff, assuming they will accept whatever changes are expected. He further assumes the databases developed can be a future source of income with additional sales of data. He finally assumes that Kelly will eventually accept his demands. Pat argues that his vision of a future product is the answer to all company ills. He dismisses any argument against his plan. He further considers himself able to manipulate staff and customers in order to bring a new product into the retail market. He further argues that Kelly is hampering the marketing plan by refus ing to cooperate and meet Pats demands. Pat would consider his argument logical, but it is definitely more emotional, colored by his animosity toward Kelly. He is at

Genetic Testing and Genetic Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Genetic Testing and Genetic Engineering - Essay Example The question is whether it is ethical and right. This question is being raised through the variety of books and films. This paper will accept as a major focus of research the concepts of genetic testing and genetic engineering; the evidence of its observation would be presented through the film â€Å"Gattaca.† Genetic testing uses research facility systems to take a gander at your qualities, which are the DNA directions, which a person acquires from own parents. Hereditary tests may be utilized to distinguish expanded dangers of health issues, to pick medicines, or to evaluate reactions to medications. There are different methods of genetic testing. Molecular genetic tests explore single genes (or short lengths of DNA molecules) to define changes that may force a genetic disorder. Chromosomal genetic testing concerns whole chromosomes or DNAs long lengths to find out if there are severe genetic changes (like an additional copy of a chromosome) that influence on a genetic background. Biochemical genetic tests research the activity level of proteins or their amount. Abnormalities in any can point on changes in the DNA that may result in a disorder in genetics. Genetic testing is voluntary. The main purposes of genetic testing are, first of all, to diagnose disease, to identify changes within genes connected with it, to diagnose the severity of the disease, to help doctors to find the best treatment and medicines to enable to cure.

To what extent can human resource policies and practices promote Essay

To what extent can human resource policies and practices promote gender equality - Essay Example the representation of women in management positions in firms across Europe reveals that gender equality is still a problem for businesses of all sizes. Moreover, it seems that the number of women in lower and middle management positions is gradually increased, in opposition with the top management positions, which are likely to be occupied by man (Stahl and Bjorkman 2006, p.506-507). In 2002, the percentage of firms that employ only men at lower and middle management positions was estimated to 44%, decreased from 1996 when the above percentage was 50% (European Business Survey 2002, in Stahl and Bjorkman 2006, p.506). The figures presented above denote the ineffectiveness of HRM to secure gender equality. At the next level, Stahl and Bjorkman (2006) note that the level at which HRM policies focus on gender equality is often depended on ‘the level at which women are represented in HRM’ (Stahl and Bjorkman 2006, p.507). In other words, in firms where the number of women wo rking in the HRM department is high, the promotion of gender equality is expected to be more intensive compared to firms that tend to employ men in their HRM department. In this context, HRM policies are likely to emphasize on gender equality mostly when female HR managers plan them, a fact that reveals the inability of modern firms to secure equality in the workplace. The potential use of HR policies for promoting gender equality is highlighted in the study of Durai (2010). Reference is made specifically to Infosys, a global firm in the area of IT consulting. The particular firm has promoted gender equality through an appropriately customized network, the Women Inclusivity Network, which ‘secures gender equality by mentoring women employees to take up challenging working assignments’ (Durai... Gender equality is still an important problem for organizations worldwide. The development of initiatives by the states and by international organizations, such as the United Nations, has helped towards the limitation of the problem. Still, the success of firms worldwide in promoting gender equality is rather low. The literature presented above has revealed that firms can choose among different policies for promoting gender equality. In this context, it would be expected that phenomena of gender equality in the workplace would be limited, a fact that has not been verified. The ‘Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)’ (Rao et al 2009, p.7) seems to be the key text initiating the elimination of inequality in the workplace. However, in practice, the promotion of gender equality in the workplace is often problematic, as explained above, mostly because the relevant initiatives are not adequately supported, at least not as other orga nizational plans. The need for the active support of these initiatives by the state is quite clear.

Corporate Social Responsibility Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Corporate Social Responsibility - Coursework Example Corporate social responsibility can be broadly defined in terms of the responsiveness of businesses to stakeholders’ legal, ethical, social and environmental expectations (UNIDO, 2002). Stakeholders are people and group of people who are directly or indirectly impacted by the business. CSR underpins the principles of Coca-Cola and all its priorities and operations conform within its CSR approach. For example, it had supplied drinking water to the victims of the earthquake in Turkey (CSR Report, 2011). CSR codes refer to the international standards of CSR practices implemented in the workplace vis-Ã  -vis social and environmental responsibilities of the business.Sustainable development can be described as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (iisd, 2013). Coca-Cola is highly sensitive to the environment and takes serious measures to reduce carbon footprint and uses recycled goods to promo te conservation and preservation of the environment. It encourages environment-related activities within its companies and the community where it is operating. It has promoted rainwater harvesting in Kazakhstan and significantly reduced energy consumption in its Turkey operations. It has also adopted sustainability management approach whereby it ensures conservation of natural resources like water, land and clean air. Sustainability is defined as a process which helps to save resources for the future.

To what extent can human resource policies and practices promote Essay

To what extent can human resource policies and practices promote gender equality - Essay Example the representation of women in management positions in firms across Europe reveals that gender equality is still a problem for businesses of all sizes. Moreover, it seems that the number of women in lower and middle management positions is gradually increased, in opposition with the top management positions, which are likely to be occupied by man (Stahl and Bjorkman 2006, p.506-507). In 2002, the percentage of firms that employ only men at lower and middle management positions was estimated to 44%, decreased from 1996 when the above percentage was 50% (European Business Survey 2002, in Stahl and Bjorkman 2006, p.506). The figures presented above denote the ineffectiveness of HRM to secure gender equality. At the next level, Stahl and Bjorkman (2006) note that the level at which HRM policies focus on gender equality is often depended on ‘the level at which women are represented in HRM’ (Stahl and Bjorkman 2006, p.507). In other words, in firms where the number of women wo rking in the HRM department is high, the promotion of gender equality is expected to be more intensive compared to firms that tend to employ men in their HRM department. In this context, HRM policies are likely to emphasize on gender equality mostly when female HR managers plan them, a fact that reveals the inability of modern firms to secure equality in the workplace. The potential use of HR policies for promoting gender equality is highlighted in the study of Durai (2010). Reference is made specifically to Infosys, a global firm in the area of IT consulting. The particular firm has promoted gender equality through an appropriately customized network, the Women Inclusivity Network, which ‘secures gender equality by mentoring women employees to take up challenging working assignments’ (Durai... Gender equality is still an important problem for organizations worldwide. The development of initiatives by the states and by international organizations, such as the United Nations, has helped towards the limitation of the problem. Still, the success of firms worldwide in promoting gender equality is rather low. The literature presented above has revealed that firms can choose among different policies for promoting gender equality. In this context, it would be expected that phenomena of gender equality in the workplace would be limited, a fact that has not been verified. The ‘Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)’ (Rao et al 2009, p.7) seems to be the key text initiating the elimination of inequality in the workplace. However, in practice, the promotion of gender equality in the workplace is often problematic, as explained above, mostly because the relevant initiatives are not adequately supported, at least not as other orga nizational plans. The need for the active support of these initiatives by the state is quite clear.

American Economy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Economy - Term Paper Example There are various ethical frameworks promulgated over the year. These different frameworks can be used as tools to determine which action is right and which is wrong. There are various ethical frameworks and models such as Unitarianism, Justice and Deontology. Utilitarianism framework ask that those actions are considered as right which render more good to the society, and benefits accrued from them are higher than cost of those actions. Many laws and restrictions imposed by the USA and other super powers are for their own benefits. The benefit is directly accrued to them, whereas the costs have to be borne by the entire society. This means that their actions cannot be justified and are ethically wrong. For example, the current ongoing war on terrorism is one example. The USA started the war after it became a victim of terrorism. It waged war against Afghanistan first, and then went out on hunt in Iraq. However, these actions yielded nothing. Osama was not to be found and he wasn't. However, the war on terrorism killed thousands of innocent people, destroyed millions of dollars worth of infrastructure and started the stream of terrorist attacks all around the world. It can be safely concluded that this war did more damage and was futile.

Barack Obama Back to School Essay Example for Free

Barack Obama Back to School Essay On September 8th 2009, the president of The United States, Barack Obama gave a speech called â€Å"Back to School†. The speech was about the responsibility that you have as a young individual responsibility you have for yourself, your teachers, parents, and your country. Obama mentions, among other things, that you have to attend school to find out what your good at, and what you want to make of your future. He says that without education your never going to get the job you want most. He says that what you make of your education is going to determine the future of the country and if you quit school and quit on yourself, your giving up on our country. Throughout the speech, Obama makes references to not only his own life experiences, but also, the American dream. He ends his speech by saying, that it is hard to be successful and that you have to fight to achieve your goal in life. You have to practice, study hard and not be afraid of asking people for help. Furthermore he ends his speech by asking his audience questions and to say that he has great expectations for this new generation. The President of the United States Barack Obama is the speaker of the text â€Å"Back to School†. His audience is not only the young people at Wakefield High School, but moreover young people attending school in all over America. P. 1 l. 1: â€Å"Hello everyone – how’s everybody doing today? † It is already indicated in the first line that he is trying to level with his audience, the young students, despite of his status. Furthermore he uses the words â€Å"I know†, and almost turns them into a phrase. With this phrase, which appears several times through the text, he indicates to the audience that he knows their feelings or thoughts. The imagery in this speech is very vivid, showing what success looks like, and what an individual could make of their life. With the use of small and simple sentences Obama tries to get the point across that school is important and one needs an education to survive in this world. The length of the speech shows how adamant he is of children staying in school, and trying to better their future. There is a lot of repetition in the speech, stating that school is important, and an education is necessary in life, and that you cant get what you want without practicing hard, studying even harder and always trying your best. There seems to be no form of alliteration in this speech. Many people use the alliteration of speech to capture the audience and individual minds. Obama references to many other famous people who have failed many times and still succeed. â€Å"J. K. Rowlings who wrote Harry Potter her first Harry Potter book was rejected 12 times before it was finally published. Michael Jordan was cut from his high school basketball team. He lost hundreds of games and missed thousands of shots during his career. But he once said, ‘I have failed over and over and over again in my life. And thats why I succeed. ’†. The language of this poem shows that the speech is meant for a young audience, possibly kindergarden-12th grade. Barack talks about staying in school, a the responsibility an individual has as a student. He directly addresses the audience, by using the word â€Å"you†. He uses a very direct tone in order to capture the audience in a better way. With the use of logos, the spectators can better understand what the President is saying to them by using his own experiences, and journeys. Trying to sound like president Kennedy, Obama makes the audience feel comfortable, and makes them feel like what he is saying is true. He uses promptness and sternness to show how serious education is, not only for yourself, but your country. Toward the middle of his speech Obama says â€Å"The truth is, being successful is hard. You wont love every subject that you study. You wont click with every teacher that you have. Not every homework assignment will seem completely relevant to your life right at this minute. And you wont necessarily succeed at everything the first time you try. † This helps ones mind feel at ease with knowing he’s speaking the truth.

Strategy And Operation Management In Business Commerce Essay

Strategy And Operation Management In Business Commerce Essay Companies and organisations are making and delivering products, whether it is for profit or not for profit it relies on the processes to get their products manufactured properly and another thing that is kept in mind is that the products should be delivered on time, and every process acts as an operation for the company. To the company this is essential, that is why managers find operation management very attractive. Operations Management objectives Operation management objectives is a very broad term for any business, which has a great impact on categories like Shareholders, customers and employees. Following are the main categories Suppliers operations of a company has a great effect on its suppliers, as to have a supplier network which is more effective which can help in improve busienss. Customers Customers is the most important part for business as they are ones through which company makes profit, management of operation should always be done keeping in mind the target market. Shareholders shareholders can only get the benefit if the business is making good money which can only be achieved by proper management of processes at each level. Employees employees are the one who makes a company and runs it so in order to make their job easy and keep them motivated towards work a company should have a proper management of operations in every department and at every level. Society Scoiety effects any business externally though it might not have any direct relation with the company economically. But over the recent years social responsibility has become a part of business world and now being socilally responsible is important for almost every company which is why most of the companies now manage their operations keeping in mind their social rexponsibility. (Slack,N., et al. (2004) 4th Ed) Operation Management in Exxon Mobil History Exxon mobil operates its petrochemical facilities or marketing product worldwide and its industry leader almost every aspest. Exxon mobil was created by the marger of Exxon (Esso parent company) and its idea is nothing new. The corporate entities that one day Exxon and Mobil become a common share ancestry. The Standard Oil Trust founded by John D Rockefeller in 1882.   Under this umbrella, two organisations , the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and the Standard Oil Company of New York ware formed. Jersey Standard and Socony, as they were commonly known, were the predecessors of Exxon and Mobil. In early years both companies expanding their oil and petrochemical business around the world. Finaly they realised that they can operate more competitively and effectively as an organisation. Its merger completed on 30 Nev, 1999. (http://www.exxonmobil.com) Operational Management in Exxon Mobil Exxon Mobil conducts business in such a way that is compatible with the environmental and economic needs of all communities in which they operates safety, health and security of their employees, those involved in their operation, customer and public. These policies put into practice through a disciplined management framework called operation management. Its reflect their health, safety,environment and product saftey policies to commitment of highest operational standerds and performence. They use a systemetic approach called Operational Integrity Management System (OIMS). They developed this system to provide strong and healthy framework for managing healthy environment, safety and security risks. They used thier facilities worldwide to measure progress and ensure management accountability for best result in oil and petrochemical. Operation Competitivness Exxon Mobil has a long history of leadership in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. They follow discipline and commitment in performing their business strategies have led to sustainable competitive aspects. Technology; They maintain a unique commitment for advancment in technology in all their business functions consistently investing more than the competition. Integrity; Their approach is very clear to ethics and business integrity is reflected in all their activities. Their goals to report that are clear to understand by investors. Capital Discipline; They take a disciplined, long-term approach to making investment decision. Operational Excellence; They maintain a clear focus on the performance of their business. Employees; Their exceptional quality of their workforce is a long-standing competitive advantage. Worldwide Experience; Their globaly presence allow them to build a existing business experience to capture opportunities in higher-growth region to attrect mor business. Diversity of Operations; Their geographic diversity and complementary nature of Upstream, Downstream and Chemical business mitigate sensitivity to fluctuation in individual business line and market. Financial strength; Their cash flow and financial position, combined with a good credit rating allow them to pursue all profitable opportunities. ExxonMobil increases global capacity Its started its newest high efficiency co-generation plant at its Antwerp refinery in Belgium. Co-generation is process of producing both electricity and steam or heat at the same time which is then used for production or running factories. In addition to that the new plant will also help in reduction of carbon dioxice which is being omitted by approxmately 200000 tonnes per year. The top management at ExxonMobil is well aware of the of energy and cost which go hand in hand, the management has been able to produce energy at low cost and they have also kept in mind the importance of being environment friendly. As the improtance of business ethics is increasing the management at ExxonMobil is also trying to preform their part in being social responsible. The new plant has also allowed to produce enough energy which can then be used to rum compressors, pumps and any other equipment. The plant also produces heat and steam which is used to convert crude oil into different refinded petrolium products. (http://www.businesswire.com) ESSO Esso Service Station throught out UK are owned by Exxon Mobil, which is one of the biggest chain of service station in the UK. There are about 196 Tesco Shops at Esso Service Stations throughout Uk Which provide service and make their life more convenient. Location For any business location is very important for success that is why many businesses put so many emphases on location. In retail business there are three main factors for success and they are location, location and location, Management in Esso also understand importance of location in business that is way location for each Esso`s outlet has been very well planned. Esso has outlet in all major cities and try cover maximum amount of customer in particular region. For any outlet the management of Esso conceder following factors. Accessibility Feasibility Convenience Competitor Target market Process Business process is the way in which a company do its business and there is different levels which need to have a different process i.e. each level requires a different approach and every level has different tasks. Business process can be a key to success for any business as it helps in achieving the objectives of the company, for many companies business process the key competitive edge over their competitors. For good business process it is necessary that there is a consistency through the levels of business process and different business processes should be well integrated with each other and should be in line with the main objectives of the company. At Esso each and every process is developed in such a way that it facilitates to achieve the overall business strategy. Business processes are defined in as such that process at every level is well integrated. While developing the business process for every level the management at Esso have maintained the overall vision and goal of the company. TQM Total Quality Management (TQM) is a new tool used by management in order to improve the quality of products services and processes with in the company in order to be more effecient and productive. It is being used by many companeis as tool to provide competitive advantage amongst competitors. TQM has four main stages which are Plan, Do, Check and Act which is also reffered to PDCA cycle. It starts with planning which is the first and one of the most important part of TQM where the problem area is being identified and relavent information is being gathered. The next stage is do where a solution is being implemented in order to solve the problem, the next stage is Check where special tools and strategies are developed in order to tack the performance of solution that was being implemented in the early stage. The last stage is act where changes are being made if probelm still continues. (http://searchcio.techtarget.com) Total Quality Management at Esso The management at Esso knows the importance of TQM very well in such a competitive world. To achieve this, the management at Esso has taken few steps at each level of the organisation like, Defining the vision of the company Setting targets Developing business processes Compatible staff Training Performance reviews At operation level i.e. at store level in order to give customers a quality service and to provide customer satisfaction the staff is given proper training for how to operate and run a store they are provided with all product knowledge so as to help customers with their queries. The products and services offered to the customers are well checked for quality purposes before displaying it at any store. (http://www.exxonmobil.co.uk) Flexibility Flexibility is one of the most important factor for any business but one thing should be kept in mind that in order to make the processes of a compnay flexible changes should be made in such a way that it becomes a part of the overall strategy. The business should be flexible enough to so that the changes could be made when the need arises and order to do so there should be a margin for flexibility at every level of the company. As flexibility mainly depends in the processes and systems of the business operation. For any business it is important to have systems and operations which are technologically fast and easy to make changes in order to respond to the changing environment and changing needs of customers. The basic concept of flexibility in business means that how fast can a business respond to the changing enviroment and needs of customers. As environment keeps on changes over time it is important to have business process which is flexible enough to make changes when required, as time as always uncertain which shows the importance of a business being flexible. (http://marketingdeviant.com) Flexible Workplace at Esso They committed a best choice of employer of thier highly qualified employees and during recurits they achieving and maintaining the highest levels of workplace produstivity. Flexibility program at esso are essential part of commitment as they help employees. ExxonMobil knows the importance of the workforce in achieving the overall goal of the company that is why the management of the company keeps in mind the need and values of the diversied workforce, which is highly qulified and skilled. In order to keep the employees motivated and to make them more effective and efficient the management always has always tried to keep the wokplace as flexible as possible. Attract and keep the most qualified and talented people. Address the several individual needs and expectations of employees and recruits. Maximize produce the goods. Its operations all over the world, each country has a unique flexibility programe due to culture, legal reqrirements and infrastructure. Example of flexibility at workplace and employee program are listed below: Flexible work arrangements There are several customised programs developed at ExxonMobil keeping in mind the needs, desires and expectations of the work force. Some of the key point to make the enviroment flexible is as follows Work place which is adabtable Work targets on weekly basis Worker categories as part-time, full-time and Regular Working hours which can by adjusted accroding to workers needs and suitability Personal Time Time off and paid holidays are given to all employees. Time off can taken because of the following main reasons Immediate death in close family Emergencies Child birth or adoption of child Realocation which is company initiated Cummunit service activities which are being sponsored by the company Skill leaves Other personanal needs Leaves of absence which includes leaves for personnal health or care issues related to any dependant, which also includes military services and other personal needs Other programs Other programs inculde Discounts on products Health program Fitness program Advance holidays and Vacations Financial Counseling Membership for technical scientific and professional societies Assistance with adoption Refund program related to education Reallocation program related to spous Program related to matching gifts Service awards Business Process Outsourcing BPO is a form of outsourcing which is related to information technology. In this process a third party is hired to provide services related to information technology such as software application development management and software application maintenance, operations related to data centre, testing and quality assurance related to IT. ExxonMobil ExxonMobil started to outsource is paytroll function which then included to Employee benefits management. ExxonMobil now have outsourced its whole IT functions. (www.sourcingmag.com/content/what_is_bpo.asp) Outsourcing at esso CMG plc, the European information technology services company recently floated on the London and Amsterdam stock exchanges, signed an outsourcing agreement with Esso UK, worth almost  £15 million over its five-year term. Under the agreement, CMG has started to carry out the overall project management of Essos IT programme in the UK over the five years. CMG will be responsible for selecting other suppliers to provide complimentary or additional skills as necessary, and for ensuring that projects will be delivered on time and on budget.( www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=15005)

USA English Language :: Communication, World Language

It is accepted that the use of English language has increased steadily in the last 50 years all over the world. English language is important for travelling involves package holidays, sporting occasions, business meetings, international conventions, military occupations, academic conferences and transportation and lodgings (Crystal 2003). Some people believe that the USA economic power influenced spread of English by majority of institutions and other areas, such as UN, Hollywood and TV programmes. On the other hand, other people claim that language of English already have been used by majority of countries which is colony (Crystal 2003). This essay will firstly describe how economic power of the USA influence on spread of English to the world. Secondly, essay will point out opposing arguments that the colony of Britain. This essay will argue and indicate that truth of situation that the US English is the dominate world language nowadays. This economic power influenced institutions and organization and another area. First of all, significant number of institutions such as UN (United Nations) and IMF (International Monetary Fund), WB (World Bank) is managed their language by US English. Crystal (1997, p8) describes how â€Å"85% of international organizations now use English as one of their working language†. Therefore, 99% of European organizations are made a recent yearbook of international associations by English (Graddol, 1997). Therefore, it is clear insistence that US English is dominant world language and it affect in politician and economic of significant number of countries. In addition, there are corroborating evidence which is English of the USA is predominance globally. In 1951, Civil Aviation Organization agreed that English should be the international language for pilots and controllers (Crystal, 2003). This means that if more than one language were in use, it may cause misunderstanding. Consequently, hazard of accident would be existed. For example, in 1977, there is fearful cases the crash of two Boeing 747`s in Tenerife (Crystal, 2003). This figure indicates that US English is existed as international language closely in our living. Besides, it is believe that Internet facilitate to extend USA language. According to Crystal (2001) said that 64% of Internet hosts are to be found in the USA. Moreover, Crystal (2001, p121) pointed out: To study molecular genetics, all you need to get into Harvard University Library, the Internet and World Wide Web really only work as great unifiers if you speak English. These evidences also indicate that the dominance of the language is verbal communication of USA.

Hemp Rediscovered :: essays papers

Hemp Rediscovered â€Å"Make the most of the hemp seed and sow it every where,† a quote by George Washington in 1794 (qtd. In â€Å"Get the Scoop†). In early American history hemp was an essential crop, it was used to make rope, sails, lamp oil, and almost anything else. Henry ford built a car out of hemp than ran on hemp fuel oil. The original Levi jeans were fashioned out of hemp fibers. And even the first drafts of the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution were written on hemp paper (â€Å"Get The Scoop†). In fact, hemp was one of the largest produced crops in the US until it’s demise in 1937 under the Marihuana Tax Act. This act of congress was aimed at Americas newest enemy, marijuana or cannabis sativa C, but the bill also criminalized the cultivation of marijuana’s cousin cannabis sativa L, commonly referred to as hemp. Hemp had one more day in the spot light in 1942 when it was called into battle in World War II under a flag that read à ¢â‚¬Å"Hemp for victory† (â€Å"About†). The Tax Act was quickly reenacted after the war and hemp has not been grown legally on American soil since. The reason hemp is such a valuable plant, is that it grows fast, dense, and easily. The germination period for hemp is about one hundred days depending on the application for which it is being used (â€Å"About†). In comparison with other cash crops this is good, but in comparison with some of the resources it can replace, such as trees and fossil fuel, there is nothing better. Hemp provides a much higher yield than other American cash crops, and can be used for so many things that it’s market value should remain stable with increased production. Also, hemp can be grown without pesticides and it actually replenishes the soil so it can be rotated with other crops to produce higher yields of bath (Field 1). The maintainability of the hemp industry relies on demand, but with hemp’s 25,000 different uses this is no great barrier (â€Å"About†). With current processing technology every part of the cannabis sativa L plant is useful. The seeds can he hulled and used in food for flavor and as a protein supplement. These seeds can also be crushed into hemp-seed oil which is used as lamp oil or as a moisturizing ingredient in cosmetics and soaps.

Foreign Exchange Guidelines for Bangladesh

INTRODUCTION 1. Assalamualaikum and Good evening , on behalf of my group I welcome you all to the presentation on FOREIGN EXCHANGE GUIDELINES IN BANGLADESH AND FINDING IN THE PROCESS ITS USER FRIENDLYNESS . Ladies and Gentlemen , the very word foreign exchange refers to foreign currency in general but crucially in text-book terms it refers to the process or mechanism by which currency of one country is converted into the currency of another country . Usually such conversion takes place in the occasion of foreign trade i. e. xport or import or remittance of earnings both inward and outward by Bangladeshi and Foreign Nationals , then in case of Foreign Direct Investments or at individual level for the purpose of traveling or official visits both by Bangladeshi and Foreign Nationals . 2. Like any other country , to regulate and control smooth functioning of such Foreign Exchange in Bangladesh , Foreign Exchange Regulations are issued by the Government of Bangladesh as well as by the Ban gladesh Bank in the form of Notifications which are published in the Bangladesh Gazette .Now the Regulations which provides the legal basis for regulating all payments and dealings of foreign exchange in Bangladesh is known as Foreign Exchange Regulation (FER) Act , 1947 (Act No. VII of1947) , that was enacted on 11th March, 1947 in the then British India , subsequently adapted by Pakistan and eventually after necessary corrections and modifications by appropriate authority it was reproduced and adapted in Bangladesh and is still in vogue . Ladies and Gentlemen by law it is the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act ! 947 that rules all sorts of transactions of FE in Bangladesh . 1 AIM 3. To provide General Idea on Foreign Exchange Guidelines for Foreign Currency Transactions in common occasions in Bangladesh in a limited scale and deduce as to whether it is user-friendly . SCOPE 4. The topic will be discussed under the following heads ; a. Definitions of Certain Terms Related to Foreign- Exchange and Common Circumstances/Occasions Involving Foreign Exchange Transactions . . b. Authorized Dealers (ADs) , Money Changers and Various Types of Accounts involving Foreign Exchange . c.Foreign Exchange in International Trade ; Export and Import and Foreign Direct Investment. d. Foreign Exchange Through Remittance ; Inward , Outward and Commercial . e. Foreign Exchange Regulations for Travels and Visits by Baladeshi and Foreign Nationals. f. Userfriendlyness of Foreign Exchange Regulations in Bangladesh . 2 5. Definitions of Certain Terms Related to Foreign-Exchange and Common Circumstances/Occasions Involving Foreign Exchange Transactions . a. Definitions of Certain Terms Related to Foreign-Exchange . 1) Money . The term ‘Money’ in modern sense is used to describe actual money in the form of coin or notes or in any other form which passes freely from hand to hand as the recognised media of value exchange inside or outside the country . (2) Currency . ‘ Cu rrency ’ is a generic term and covers not only the actual coins and paper notes in a country but also any credit instruments which convey the right to wealth in terms of any given unit such as cheques , money orders , travelers cheques , promissory notes , bills of exchange etc . 3) Foreign Currency . As per FER Act 1947 ‘Foreign Currency’ means any currency other than Bangladeshi Currency i. e. Taka. (4) Foreign Exchange . As per FER Act 1947 ‘Foreign Exchange’ means foreign currency and includes any instrument drawn , accepted or issued under all deposits , credits and balance payable in foreign currency and any drafts , travelers cheques and bills of exchange expressed or drawn in Bangladeshi Currency but payable in any Foreign Currency . 5) Resident . Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 stipulates that any person who has at any time after the commencement of Act been resident in Bangladesh be treated as resident in;CONT Bangladesh until Banglad esh Bank by general or special order 3 directs otherwise. For the purpose of the said Act, ordinarily, a resident is a person, bank or firm who/which resides/has established a place of business in Bangladesh.A person is deemed to be ordinarily resident if he maintains a home in Bangladesh or resides in the country for a substantial part of each year or pays income tax as a resident of Bangladesh and falls under any of following category ; (a) persons holding Office in the Service of the Republic ofBangladesh who go abroad or who are already abroad and residingoutside Bangladesh for the time being either on duty or on leave, (b) foreign nationals residing in Bangladesh for work or self employment, c) foreign nationals residing in Bangladesh for study under student visa, (d) foreign nationals staying in Bangladesh with residence visa, (e) officials of Bangladesh Government and public sector undertakings deputed abroad on assignment with foreign governments/organisations or posted to t heir own offices (including Bangladesh Diplomatic Missions abroad) and (f) foreign nationals residing continuously in Bangladesh for six months or more would be treated as residents. (6) Non-Resident .A non-resident is a person, bank or firm who/which resides/has a place of business outside Bangladesh. Non-residents include Bangladesh nationals who go out of Bangladesh for any purpose. On the other hand, the fact that a person gives an address in Bangladesh does not necessarily mean that he should be regarded as a resident if he is, in fact, only a temporary visitor and is ordinarily resident elsewhere . 4 (7) Authorised Dealers . The term Authorised Dealer or AD would means a bank authorised by Bangladesh Bank to deal in foreign exchange under the FER Act, 1947. (8) Money Changers .The term â€Å"Money Changer† means a sole proprietorship or partnership firm/company licensed by Bangladesh Bank under â€Å"FER Act, 1947† to act as Money Changer for dealing in certain f oreign exchange transactions as directed by Bangladesh Bank from time to time. b. Common Circumstances/Occasions Involving Foreign ExchangeTransactions . Basiacally and Most commonly Foreign Exchange Transaction takes place in the following occasions ; (1) In case of any International Trade involving Export , Import . (2) In case of Remittance of All Income (both inward and outward) and All kinds of Commercial Remittances . 3) All Foreign Investments and Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) . (4) All kinds of International Travels and Visits (Official & Unoffcial ) by both Bangladeshi and Foreign Nationals . 5 6. Authorized Dealers (ADs) , Money Changers and Various Types of Accounts involving Foreign Exchange . a. Authorized Dealers (ADs) . In exercise of the powers conferred by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1947 ; certain schedule banks which are authorized to deal in Foreign Exchange by Bangladesh Bank . The selected branches of bank which are thus entrusted to transact such FE business is known as Authorized Dealers (ADs).The ADs are authorized to make all sorts of Foreign Exchange Transactions including money changing in accordance with the guidelines provided by Bangladesh Bank . As a prerequisite to become AD a schedule bank has to obtain Authorized Dealership Licence from Bangladesh Bank after following certain prescribed procedures and after fulfilling certain requirements laid down by Bangladesh Bank . Certain regulations as per FER act 1947 ; applicable for ADs are as follows ; (1) It is only Bangladesh Bank which can issue licences normally to scheduled banks to deal in foreign exchange foe becoming ADs .All applications for Authorised Dealer Licence has to be made to the General Manager, Foreign Exchange Policy Department, Bangladesh Bank, Head Office, Dhaka with a declaration that ‘Guidelines on Managing Core Risks in Banking' (as prescribed by Bangladesh Bank vide Circular No. 17, dated 07 October, 2003) pertaining to treasury function s in foreign exchange are already in place and all steps have been taken by the bank for internal monitoring and supervision of the branches for carrying out foreign exchange transactions. ) Besides, the banks also have to provide information showing that it has adequate manpower trained in foreign exchange and there is prospect to attract reasonable volume of foreign exchange business in the desired location and the applicant bank meticulously complies with the instructions of the Bangladesh Bank especially with regard to submission of periodical returns. 6 b. Authorized Money Changers . In addition to the ADs in FE , Bangladesh Bank also authorizes certain Banks located in the port area or in and around BOPs and establishments like certain Hotels and Shops to buy and sale foreign currency in exchange of local currency .Such banks and establishments in whose favour such licences of Authorization are granted are known as Authorized Money Changers . From Capacity point of view there are two types of Money Changers ; ‘ Full-Fledged Money Changers ‘ which are authorized to both purchase and sell foreign currency and Restricted Money Changers ’ which are authorized only to purchase foreign currency notes and Travellers Cheques and under compulsion are subject to the condition that all such FE collections are surrendered by them to ADs at official rate . Certain Regulations applicable for them are as follows ; 1) The authorisations are granted to persons or firms of adequate means and status who, in the opinion of the Bangladesh Bank, will be able to conduct their dealings strictly in accordance with the foreign exchange regulations. Applications for the grant of licences with limited scope should be made to the General Manager, Foreign Exchange Policy Department, Bangladesh Bank, Head Office, Dhaka. (2) Money Changer shall have no branch office. The premise to be used for money changing business shall not be used for any other business activity. Money Changers are allowed to buy foreign currency notes, coins and TCs from incoming foreign and Bangladesh nationals coming/returning from abroad. (3) Money Changers will sell foreign currency notes, coins and TCs only to outgoing Bangladesh nationals subject to a maximum limit of USD 1000 or equivalent in the form of cash and /or TC. Release of foreign exchange in excess of USD 200 or equivalent shall require valid visa. Money Changers may also sell foreign currency notes, coins and TCs to outgoing foreign nationals having duly issued encashment certificates, subject to a maximum limit of USD 500 or equivalent . (4) The Money Changers shall fix their own exchange rates for purchase and sale of foreign currency notes and coins and TC and the rates shall be displayed prominently at their counters. (5) Any change in money changer's office location shall require prior approval of Bangladesh Bank. Applications for changing office location should be forwarded to the General Manager, Fo reign Exchange Operation Department, Bangladesh Bank . c.Foreign Accounts and Credit Instrument for Foreign Exchange. Generally the movement of Foreign Currencies or FE Transactions are settled through Banking System . Usually the banks which are ADs ; maintain FE departments and indeed are the main channels through which international payments are being made . Such banks may have their branches in various countries abroad or where that is not possible may get affiliated with some overseas bank ready to act as their agent which are then known as correspondents .In order to effect FE transactions these banks maintain certain types of Accounts in their own names in various Foreign Currencies . Infact payments of various bill as per different terms of payment are made through such accounts . (1) Types of Foreign Accounts . (a) Nostro Accounts . ‘Nostro’ means ‘Ours’ in Latin . These are the accounts maintained by concerned Bangladeshi Bank with each of their c orrespondent banks . It is also known as Foreign Currency Account in some countries . 8 (b) Vostro Accounts . ’Vostro’ means ‘Yours’ in latin .The current accounts in domestic currency maintained with the local banks by any Foreign Bank are Called Vostro Accounts or Local Currency Accounts . Usually vostro accounts are opened and maintained by local banks which are acting as the Correspondents to some Foreign Banks . (c) Loro Accounts . A Foreign Banks Account of any third party , whether in foreign currency or in local currency is referred to as ‘Loro’ or ‘Their’ Account . (d) Certain Regulations about Foreign Accounts . i) ADs may maintain accounts in freely convertible currencies with their correspondents/branches abroad. i) The ADs may enter into transactions for sale or purchase of foreign currencies with other ADs, foreign correspondents and overseas branches provided that all such transactions must be reported to the Bangla desh Bank in the appropriate Returns, daily exchange position statement and daily interbank transaction statement . iii) Banks are always required to submit a ‘Statement of monthend position of un-reconciled nostro account entries' containing summary of un-reconciled nostro account entries at the end of each month. v) The ADs may obtain short term loans and overdrafts for a period not exceeding 7 days at a time from overseas branches and correspondents at the going market rates to meet their short term needs . 9 (2) Credit Instruments and Terms of Payment . FE Transaction may take effect in the form of any of the followings as per different terms of payment which can be short , medium or long ; (a) Telephone Transfers (TT) , (b) Mail Transfers (MT) , (c) Bankers Draft , (d) Bills of Exchange , (e) Letter of Credit (LC) , (f) Stock Draft , (g) Personal Cheques , (h) SWIFT , (i) Currency Notes and Coins , j) International Money Orders , (k) Travellers Cheques , (l) Credit Cards etc . The different terms of payment set by the traders in this regard can be ; Documentary Letter of Credit ( L/C ) , Documents Against Payment ( DP ), Documents on Acceptance ( DA ) , Consignment Sale , Value payable(VP) / Cash on Delivery (COD) or could be Suppliers Credit and Buyers Credit . 10 7. Foreign Exchange in International Trade ; Export and Import and Foreign Direct Investment . a. FE Regulations for Exports in General . (1) Foreign exchange regulations regarding exports cover all goods xported to all destinations regardless of whether they are subject to Export Trade Control Regulations. Similarly, nothing in the foreign exchange regulations relieves the exporters from the necessity of complying with the Export Trade Control Regulations prescribed by the Government, including the necessity of obtaining export licences in case of goods the export of which requires such licence. (2) All exports to which the requirement of declaration applies, must be declared on the EXP Form (Appendix 5/19). These forms will be supplied by the ADs to their exporter clients. 3) Payment for goods exported from Bangladesh should be received through an AD in freely convertible foreign currency or in Taka from a non-resident Taka Account. Receipts against exports under various barter and bilateral arrangements should be settled as per instructions issued by the Bangladesh Bank from time to time, (4) The ADs should, before certifying any EXP form, ensure that the exporter is registered with the CCI under the Registration (Importers and Exporters) Order 1952. The registration number should be quoted on the relative EXP forms. 11 ) In the case of commodities export of which is subject to receipt of advance payment or confirmed and irrevocable LC (such as raw jute), shipments will be allowed by the Customs only on the basis of the certificate of the AD on the EXP forms to the effect that either advance payment or confirmed and irrevocable LC has been received covering expor t of the goods mentioned on the EXP form. 6) The period prescribed by the Bangladesh Bank within which full foreign exchange proceeds of exports must be received by exporters is four months (Vide Bangladesh Bank Notification No. FE 1/77-BB dated 16th April, 1977).If the receipt of the full proceeds of any shipment is delayed beyond this period without a special or general authorisation from the Bangladesh Bank, the exporter will be liable to action under the FER Act. (7) Before paying out money against remittances received from abroad, whether against purchase of foreign currency or debit to a non-resident taka account of a foreign bank in case where purpose of the remittance is stated to be advance receipt for goods to be exported from Bangladesh, the AD should obtain a declaration from the beneficiary on the â€Å"Advance Receipt Voucher† certifying the purpose of the remittance. 8) Unless specific approval is obtained from Bangladesh Bank, the entire export proceeds in cas e of both physical and non-physical export, must be repatriated within four months of export as usual. 12 b. FE Regulations for Export Processing Zones (EPZs) . (1) EPZ s have been established by the Act namely, Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority Act, 1980. The following types of industrial units operate in the EPZs: (a) Type A: 100 percent foreign owned including those owned by Bangladeshi nationals ordinarily resident abroad. b) Type B: Joint venture projects between foreign and Bangladesh entrepreneurs resident in Bangladesh. (c) Type C: 100 percent Bangladeshi entrepreneurs resident in Bangladesh. The broad guidelines relating to the operation of industrial enterprises in the EPZs are contained in the † Principles and Procedures governing setting up of industries in EPZ† issued by the Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority (BEPZA). (2) Exports from EPZs are subject to the usual requirement of declaration of exports in EXP Form and repatriation of export proceeds.For identification, EXP forms for these exports should be rubber stamped or over printed with words † â€Å"EXPORT FROM EPZ† in bold letters. (3) Sales of Bangladeshi goods or raw materials to the enterprises in EPZ against payment in foreign currency shall be treated as exports from Bangladesh and normal foreign exchange regulations concerning declaration of exports on EXP Forms and repatriation of proceeds is applicable to these exports to the EPZ enterprises. 13 C.FE Regulations for Import . (1) Import of goods into Bangladesh is regulated by the Ministry of Commerce in terms of the Import and Export (Control) Act, 1950, through Import Policy Order (IPO) in force and Public Notices issued from time to time by the Office of the Chief Controller of Imports and Exports (CCI&E). The instructions contained in this chapter apply to sales of foreign exchange or transfers to nonresident taka accounts against import of goods into Bangladesh.In terms of the Importers , Exporters and Indentors (Registration) Order, 1981 no person can import goods into Bangladesh unless he is registered with the CCI&E or exempted from the provisions of the said Order. Before Letter of Credit Authorisation Form (LCAF) is issued or Letter of credit (LC) is opened or remittance is made for imports into Bangladesh the AD should verify that the importer is registered with the CCI&E or otherwise exempted from such registration. The AD should ensure that the registration number of the importer is invariably furnished on the IMP form.Where the importer is exempted from such registration, a suitable mention of this fact should be made on the IMP form. (2) The ADs must ensure that they deal only with known customers having a place of business in Bangladesh and can be traced easily should any occasion arise for this purpose. Opening of LCs and payments for imports into Bangladesh should be made through an AD in the area where the holder of the LCAF is resident . In case the importer is a new customer, the AD should obtain certificate from the AD through which the applicant imported earlier to the effect that no bill of entry is due/overdue for submission by the mporter. 14 (3) The aggregate amount of foreign exchange sold against an LCAF whether under LC or otherwise, should not exceed the value mentioned in the LCAF, In case where LC was opened and remittance is needed in a floating currency against which no forward booking has been made, the Taka value of the LCAF shall be deemed to have been increased to the extent of appreciation of the foreign currency for the purpose of allowing remittance by the . d. FE Regulations for Foreign Investments . Foreign investors are free to make investment in Bangladesh in the industrial enterprises excepting a few reserved sectors.An industrial venture may be set up in collaboration with local investors or may even be wholly owned by the foreign investors. No permission of the Bangladesh Bank is needed to set up su ch ventures if the entrepreneurs use their own funds. However, to avail of the facilities and institutional support provided by the Government, entrepreneurs/sponsors may secure registration with the Board of Investment (BOI). 15 8. Foreign Exchange Through Remittance ; Inward , Outward and Commercial . a. FER on Inward Remittance . 1) The term â€Å"Inward Remittances† includes not only remittance by T. T. , M. T. , Drafts etc. , but also purchases of bills, purchases of drafts under Travellers' Letters of Credit and purchases of Travellers' Cheques. (2) The ADs may freely purchase foreign currencies or raise debits to non-resident Taka Accounts of the respective bank branches and correspondents. Remittances equivalent to US$ 2000 and above should be reported. Remittances received against exports should be certified and reported on EXP Forms. 3) There is no objection to the ADs obtaining reimbursement from non-resident banks in freely convertible foreign currency in respect of Taka bills and drafts purchased by them under instructions from such a non-resident bank whether under Letters of Credit or under other arrangements. (4) If an inward remittance already reported to the Bangladesh Bank is cancelled, either in full or in part, because of non-availability of beneficiary or for any other reason, the ADs must report the cancellation of the inward remittance as an outward remittance on TM form. 16 b.FER on Outward Remittance . (1) Most outward remittances either in its entirety or upto a certain limit set by Bangladesh Bank may be approved by the ADs, following declaration of Taka as convertible for current account payments from March, 1994. However, the limits of release of foreign exchange set forth in this Guidelines are indicative . (2) All remittances from Bangladesh to a foreign country or local currency credited to non-resident Taka accounts of foreign banks or convertible Taka account constitute outward remittances of foreign exchange.ADs must exercise utmost caution to ensure that foreign currencies remitted or released by them are used only for the purposes for which they are released; they should also maintain proper records for submission of returns to Bangladesh Bank as also for the latter's inspection from time to time. (3) In all cases of purchase of foreign currency, an application must be made to an AD. For payments against imports into Bangladesh, the prescribed application form must be used .On receipt of the application from the client/customer, the ADs may effect the sale of foreign exchange if they are empowered to approve the application. If the transaction requires prior approval of the Bangladesh Bank, the application should be forwarded by the AD to the Bangladesh Bank for consideration. (4) Applications for Bangladesh Bank's prior approval for outward remittances, wherever required, should be submitted to the Bangladesh Bank only through the ADs and not by their customers directly. 7 (5) The amount rele ased must not exceed the authorised limit. Also, the instructions, if any, given in the approval with regard to the amounts to be released periodically e. g. monthly or quarterly must be strictly adhered to. (6) All authorisations for selling foreign exchange for outward remittances given by the Bangladesh Bank usually remain valid for a period not exceeding 30 days from the date of approval . c. Commercial remittance . Commercial Remittance can be both inward and outward .It originates from numerous sectors and in various forms . (1) Inward remittances are usually originated from freight and passage charges applicable for cargoes carried by Land Transportation , Airliner and Shipping industry . It also comes from individuals during their travels in various ports . (2) Whereas Outward remittance is originates from local distributors of the overseas cable channels . 18 9. Foreign Exchange Regulations for Travels and Visits by Baladeshi and Foreign Nationals. a.FER for Bangladeshi Nat ionals Travelling Abroad . 1) The amount of foreign exchange released by an AD to a traveller with the approval of the Bangladesh Bank or under general recorded by them on the traveler's valid passport as well as ticket under their stamp and signature at the time of release of such exchange. Release of foreign exchange in excess of USD 200 or equivalent will require valid visa. However, while issuing foreign exchange to the Diplomats/Privileged persons/UN personnel, Govt. fficials travelling on official duties, such endorsement in their passports need not be made . (2) The ADs may release foreign exchange upto US$ 1000 or equivalent per person during a calendar year to Bangladesh nationals proceeding by air to destinations in SAARC member countries and Myanmar; within this annual limit, upto US$ 500 or equivalent may be issued per person for overland travels to the aforesaid countries.Also for visits of Bangladesh nationals to destinations in countries other than those mentioned abo ve, upto US$ 3000 per person may be issued during a calendar year. However, foreign exchange in the form of cash must not exceed US$ 2000 at any one instance. For resident Bangladesh nationals proceeding abroad against one way ticket for valid job or migrating abroad, the release of foreign exchange shall not exceed the half of the un-used balance of the annual travel entitlement of the person concerned in the calendar year.Irrespective of foreign exchange entitlement, the outgoing passenger is permitted to take upto Bangladesh Taka 500 in cash at each time. . 19 (3) The annual quotas mentioned above are for adult passengers. For minors (below 12 years in age) the applicable quota will be half the amount allowable to adults . (4) While releasing foreign exchange for travel purposes the ADs should ensure that: (a) the intending traveller is a client of the AD bank or is sufficiently well known to the AD bank for it to be satisfied about the bonafide of the application. b) the intendi ng traveller is in possession of a confirmed air ticket (where applicable) for journey to be undertaken. (c) the amount released is endorsed on the passport and air ticket (where applicable) of the traveller with indelible ink, with the signature and name of the AD branch embossed in the passport and ticket (where applicable) (d) For official or semi-official visits abroad by the officials of Government/Autonomous/Semi-autonomous institutions etc. ADs may release foreign exchange as per entitlements fixed by the Ministry of Finance/respective competent authority from time to time. In such cases, the applicant for foreign exchange shall be required to submit the Competent Authority's Order/Notification /Circular authorising the travel abroad . 20 b. FER for Travels and Visits of Foreign National . The ADs may issue foreign currency TCs to foreign nationals without any limit and foreign currency notes upto USD 2000 per person against surrender of equivalent amounts in foreign currenci es.The TCs and foreign currency notes should, however, be delivered only on production of a ticket for a destination outside Bangladesh and the amount issued should be endorsed on the relative passports. c. Import of Foreign Currency Notes . (1) In terms of Bangladesh Bank Notification Nos FE-1/03-BB dated 6th January, 2003 and FE-1/04-BB dated 23rd March, 2004 any person may bring into Bangladesh from any place outside Bangladesh without any limit foreign currency notes or bank notes other than ; (a) Un-issued notes and coins. (b) Notes legal tender in Bangladesh in excess of Taka 500 in value.Provided that the concerned person makes a written declaration to the Customs Authorities at the time of arrival, in FMJ Form of the entire amount; no declaration will however, be necessary if the amount brought in does not exceed US$ 5000 or its equivalent in foreign currency and does not exceed Taka 500 in notes legal tender in Bangladesh. (2) Sending into Bangladesh by post/courier or othe rwise of any currency note, bank note or coin by any person from abroad without general or specific permission from the Bangladesh Bank is prohibited. 1 d. Export of Foreign Currency Notes . . (1) Any person ordinarily resident in Bangladesh may take out foreign exchange not exceeding US$ 5000 or its equivalent which was brought in without declaration at the time of returning from abroad. (2) Any person not ordinarily resident in Bangladesh including Bangladesh Nationals working abroad may take out of Bangladesh any amount in foreign exchange not exceeding the amount declared by him to the Customs Authority on arrival in Bangladesh.However, such a person may take out at the time of leaving Bangladesh foreign exchange not exceeding US $ 5,000 or its equivalent brought in without declaration to the Customs Authority on his arrival in Bangladesh. (3) It is not permissible to send currency notes and coins out of Bangladesh by post/courier or any other means. 22 10. Findings on Whether F ER is User-Friendly . On the basis of reasonable Studies and Analysis done on the topic followings could be deduced in this regard ; . Firstly , because of less of restrictions imposed on Foreign Currency Accounts the FER in general seems more user friendly for Outward Remittance as unlike other countries it facilitates easy remitting of any amount abroad . b. Secondly the FE rate being allowed to be dictated by open market rather than by central bank , it results in frequent inflation which goes in favour of export trade than facilitating import trade . c.Thirdly , FER facilitates easy inflow and outflow of foreign currency during travels or visits made by both Bangladeshi and Foreign Nationals , while being less liberal in this regard on local currency . d. Fourthly , less of monitoring facilities on ADs and Money Changers makes it possible sometimes to artificially overvalue foreign currency thus giving rise to inflation making it generally user friendly to the Foreign Currency h olders than to local currency bearers . e .Last but not the least for less of practice of existing rules and corruption of certain levels of regulating authority the country as a whole does not seem to rip the benefit out of the FER rather other countries seems to enjoy so . 23 CONCLUSION 11 . Although the presentation on Foreign Exchange Regulation was made on a limited scale , but the process allowed our group to have a proper realization about the fact that in case of our personal and professional life ; ther is no scope of being ignorant or having less of knowledge on FER .As in that case it may either make us suffer or make pay heavy price during our travels or while doing business . 12. It is thus needless to mention that it is to the best of our interest that we take good effort in acquiring knowledge in this regard and in future make best utilization of that knowledge in taking important decisions both in our personal and professional life and career . Thank you . 24